Becoming Exceptional
简单记录下今天看完的这篇文章:Childhoods of exceptional people
1. 非凡的环境 Exceptional people grow up in exceptional milieus
非凡的人在非凡的环境中成长。作者阅读了几百本传记,对于这些非凡之人进行了一下分类,发现这些人的成长经历无非两种:
- 第一类人,家庭环境优越(经济或者文化上),造就了他们的非凡
- 第二类人,虽然生活在贫穷之中,但是通过读书脱离了他们原有的文化环境
Books can, in other words, be a good stand-in for a social milieu, up to a point, but eventually, you need direct access to exceptional people. And having access to them from a young age greatly increases the likelihood that you will be shaped by them.
换句话说,在一定程度上,书籍可以成为社会环境的一个很好的替代品,但最终,你需要直接接触到杰出 的人。从年轻时就能接触到他们,会大大增加你被他们塑造的可能性。
Russell commented that the development of such gifted individuals required a childhood period in which there was little or no pressure for conformity, a time in which the child could develop and pursue his or her own interests no matter how unusual or bizarre.
罗素评论说,这些有天赋的人的发展需要有一个童年时期,在这个时期,几乎没有服从的压力,在这个时期,孩子可以发展和追求自己的兴趣,无论多么不寻常或怪异。
—Carl Sagan
2. 辅导是比讲座更可靠的传授知识的方法 Tutoring is a more reliable method to impart knowledge than lectures.
鼓舞人心的导师往往被单列出来,比那些虐待或无聊的导师更重要。
3. 认知学徒 Cognitive apprenticeships
“In these frequent talks about the books I read, he used, as opportunity offered, to give me explanations and ideas respecting civilization, government, morality, mental cultivation, which he required me afterwards to restate to him in my own words.”
—John Stuart Mill
John Stuart Mill 每天会和他爸散步30分钟,期间他爸会聊诸如 civilization, government, morality, mental cultivation 等概念,并且让 John 用自己的话复述这些概念。
4. 总结
作者从 42 本自传中发现了一些规律,一个非凡的人的成长,总是离不开三样东西:
- 非凡的社会环境(exceptional milieu):不同于常人的成长环境,作者在文中提到的一些非凡之人,要么在优秀的文化或者经济条件下成长,要么通过阅读书籍,进入到前者的环境中成长。
- 四处游荡(roam),自主学习(self-directied learning)
- 专人辅导(dedicated tutoring):多数(70%)的非凡之人都有一位好辅导老师,专人因材施教
- 成为学徒(apprenticeship):大多数(90%)的非凡之人,都经历过学徒式的教育方式,被提问、推动、鞭策。